Injection Its Definition Equipment And Procedure

Definition Of Injection:

It is the the act of introducing a liquid into the body by means of a needle and syringe. Injections are designated according to the anatomic site involved. The most common injections are: ,

 1.  Intradermal:

Injection of small amounts of material into the corium or substance of the skin. This method is used in diagnostic procedures and in administration of regional anesthetics, as well as in treatment procedures. In certain allergy tests, the allergen is injected intracutaneously. These injections are given in an area where the skin and hair are sparse, usually on the inner part of the thigh in dogs or the caudal fold in cows. A small-gauge needle is recommended and it is inserted at a 10- to 15-degree angle to the skin.

 2.  Intraperitoneal:

liquid injection, usually of antibacterial agent, rarely anesthetic or euthanatizing agents, administered to obtain systemic blood levels of the agent; faster than subcutaneous or intramuscular injection and used when veins not accessible. The needle is introduced into the upper flank and the syringe plunger withdrawn to ensure that intestine has not been penetrated. The injected solution should run freely.

 3.  Intravenous:

Intravenous infusion administration of fluids into a vein by means of a steel needle or plastic catheter. This method of fluid replacement is used most often to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, or to correct fluid volume deficits after excessive loss of body fluids, in patients unable to take sufficient volumes orally. An additional use is for prolonged nutritional support of patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction. Besides these uses, many medications are administered by intravenous infusion. A piggyback intravenous infusion is the intermittent delivery of an additional fluid or medication through the primary intravenous line from a second source of fluid with a secondary set of intravenous tubing.

 4.   Intramuscular:
An intramuscular injection is a “shot” of medicine given into a muscle. A syringe with medicine in it, is attached to a needle. The needle goes through the skin and into a muscle. The medicine is pushed into the muscle by pressing on the syringe plunger. When the medicine has been pushed into the muscle, the needle is removed.

Where can  give an intramuscular Injection?

• Deltoid Muscle (Upper arm muscle) .
• Gluteal Muscle (Hip).
• Vastus Lateralis  Muscle (Thigh):

 Equipment:

 You will need a needle and syringe, alcohol swabs,band-aid medication ,sharps container and an emergency cart. The emergency cart, which contains equipment and materials to treat a patient in case of anaphylactic shock and cardiac arrest, should be available in the immediate area. an anaphylaxis tray with specific contents must be maintained in every room where immunizations are administered. Cardiac arrest may develop as a result of anaphylactic shock, which can be caused by very small amounts of strange substances. 

Procedure :

• Check Doctor's Orders and Obtain Medication. Of course, no injection is given without the doctor's orders. The orders are checked to ensure correct medication is obtained and administered. 
• Wash Hands. Use the patient care handwash procedures.
• Assemble Needle and Syringe.
• Check Expiration Date of Medication. Do not use a medication whose expiration date has passed. Discard or return the medication to the pharmacy.
•  Do draw medication into Syringe as  ordered by the physician.
• Identify Patien  asking  "What is your name?" and compare to the doctor's orders
• Others procedure are same as Sucutaneous injection. 

5.Subcutaneous:

Subcutaneous injection is the route of administration that is most commonly chosen for injection because it provides a greater comfort level. Alternate sites in order to prevent absorption problems, the risk of infection, or soreness, which may occur if one site is used repeatedly. 

Equipment :

• Alcohol swabs
• Needle and syringe for subcutaneous injection.
• Band-aid strip.
• Gauze pads.
• Medication.
• Sharps container. 

Procedure: 

• Wash your hands with soap and water. Roll the bottle (vial) gently between your hands. This will warm the medication if you have been keeping the bottle in the refrigerator. Roll a bottle of cloudy until the white powder has dissolved. 
• Wipe the top of the medication vial for injection with an alcohol swab or a cotton ball dipped in alcohol. If you are using a bottle for the first time, remove the protective cover over the rubber lid. 
• Remove the needle guard (plastic cap-cover) from the needle and syringe, saving the needle guard. Do not touch the needle. Be sure you are using a proper syringe for subcutaneous injections. Pull back on the syringe plunger to draw up an amount of air equal to the amount of medication that will be used for the injection. 
• Holding the vial of medication in an upright position (such as sitting it on a table top), slowly insert the needle into the rubber stopper on top of the vial while holding the syringe barrel carefully. Do not bend needle. Then push the plunger to discharge all the air into the vial. This prevents vacuum. 
• With the needle in the vial, turn the vial upside down and hold both the vial and the syringe together in one hand. The tip of the needle should be in the solution. Hold the vial between the thumb and forefinger, supporting the syringe with other hand, pull the plunger back in a slow, continuous motion until you have drawn into the syringe the amount of medication to be given. Be sure the needle stays in the fluid in vial. Do not touch inside of plunger. 
• Check for clear air bubbles inside of syringe. Small bubbles are not harmful but take up space in syringe. With bubbles present, correct amount of medication may not be prepared. If air bubbles have formed in the syringe, dislodge them by gently tapping the syringe with your free hand while continuing to hold the syringe and vial in the inverted position. Bubbles should rise to the top of the syringe, and then you can push them back into the vial by moving the plunger and slowly pull the medication into the syringe again, stopping at the correct dose. Repeat this procedure until there are no large air bubbles in the syringe. Always double check to make sure you have the correct amount of medication in the syringe.
• Prepare the injection site by cleaning the area with an alcohol swab. To do this start at the center, apply pressure, and cleanse in a circular motion working outward. Wait a few seconds until the alcohol has dried. 
• With your free hand, gently pinch up the skin at the injection site. Holding the syringe at a right angle to the site, insert the needle using a quick smooth motion. Going slowly will cause more pain. A 45 degree angle may be used for children or thin adults. 
• When the needle is in place, slowly pull back on the plunger to see if any blood flows into the syringe. If some blood does enter the syringe (a rare occurrence), remove the needle and discard the syringe.  If no blood enters the syringe, let go of the skin and slowly inject the medication by gently pushing the plunger until the syringe is empty. 
• Put alcohol swab over needle gently, and pull needle out quickly at the same angle it was inserted. Check for medication leakage at site. Apply pressure to the injection site with a dry, sterile gauze pad. You may note a drop of blood, but there is no cause for concern. If desired, apply a bandage. Without replacing the needle guard on the needle, dispose of the needle into a sharps container. 

 6.   Epidural injection
 7.    Intraarterial.