Dialysis Introduction Type And Principle Of Peritoneal Dialysis

Introduction:

Dialysis is the artificial process of getting rid of waste (diffusion) and unwanted water (ultrafiltration) from the blood. This process is naturally done by kidneys. Some people, however, may have failed or damaged kidneys which cannot carry out the function properly - they may need dialysis. In other words, dialysis is the artificial replacement for lost kidney function . Dialysis may be used for people who have become ill and have acute kidney failure (temporary loss of kidney function), or for fairly stable patients who have permanently lost kidney function (stage 5 chronic kidney disease). Dialysis  need  when people develop end stage kidney failure --usually by the time people lose about 85 to 90 percent of kidney function.

Types Of Dialysis:

There are two main types of dialysis.

1. Hemodialysis:

The blood circulates outside the body of the patient , it goes through a machine that has special filters. The blood comes out of the patient through a catheter (a flexible tube) that is inserted into the vein. The filters do what the kidney's do; they filter out the waste products from the blood. The filtered blood then returns to the patient via another catheter.

Patients need to be prepared for hemodialysis: A blood vessel, usually in the arm, needs to be enlarged. . The enlarged vein makes the insertion of the catheters possible. US researchers have developed a new way of growing blood vessels using patients' own skin cells to seed the growth of tissue and have tested it in dialysis patients with end stage kidney disease.

Hemodialysis usually lasts about 3 to 4 hours each week. The duration of each session depends on how well the patient's kidneys work, and how much fluid weight the patient has gained between treatments. Hemodialysis is either done in a special dialysis center in a hospital.

2. Peritoneal Dialysis :

A sterile (dialysate) solution rich in minerals and glucose is run through a tube into the peritoneal cavity, the abdominal body cavity around the intestine, where the peritoneal membrane acts as a semi-permeable membrane.

The abdomen is the area between the chest and hips , it contains the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas and spleen. Peritoneal dialysis uses the natural filtering ability of the peritoneum ,the internal lining of the abdomen. In other words, peritoneal dialysis uses the lining of the abdomen as a filter of waste products from the blood.

The dialysate is left there for some time so that it can absorb waste products. Then it is drained out through a tube and discarded. This exchange, or cycle, is generally repeated several times during the day - with an automated system it is often done overnight. The elimination of unwanted water (ultrafiltration) occurs through osmosis - as the dialysis solution has a high concentration of glucose, it results in osmotic pressure which causes the fluid to move from the blood into the dialysate. Consequently, a larger quantity of fluid is drained than introduced.

Although peritoneal dialysis is not as efficient as hemodialysis, it is carried out for longer periods. The net effect in terms of total waste product and salt and water removal is about the same as hemodialysis.

Peritoneal dialysis is done at home by the patient; by a willing and motivated patient. It gives the patient a greater amount of freedom and independence because he/she does not have to come in to the clinic at multiple times each week. It can also be done while traveling with a minimum of specialized equipment. Peritoneal dialysis is said to 'save lives and save money'.

Before having peritoneal dialysis, the patient needs to have a small surgical procedure to insert a catheter into the abdomen. This is kept closed off, except when fluid is being introduced or taken out of the abdomen.

There are two principal types of peritoneal dialysis:

1. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) :

This requires no machinery and can be done by the patient or a caregiver. The dialysate is left in the abdomen for up to eight hours. It is then replaced with a fresh solution straight away. This happens every day, about four to five times per day.

2. Continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) :

A machine does the dialysis fluid exchanges. It is generally done during the night while the patient sleeps. This needs to be done every night. Each session lasts from ten to twelve hours. After spending the night attached to the machine, the majority of people keep fluid inside their abdomen during the day. Some patients may require another exchange during the day. A study found that a significant number of patients prefer "dialysis while patient sleep" treatment.

Seizure Disorder Definition Type Cause treatment And Prevention

Seizure Disorder 

Definition
A seizure is a sudden disruption of the brain's normal electrical activity accompanied by altered consciousness and/or other neurological and behavioral manifestations. Epilepsy is a condition characterized by recurrent seizures that may include repetitive muscle jerking called convulsions.

Type Of Seizure Disorder

There are two basic types of seizures:

• Epileptic: These seizures have no apparent cause  and occur repeatedly. These seizures are called a “seizure disorder” or “epilepsy.”
• Nonepileptic: These seizures are triggered (provoked) by a disorder or another condition that irritates the brain. In children, a fever can trigger a nonepileptic seizure.

Causes

The origin of 50-70% of all cases of epilepsy is unknown.

• Head trauma resulting from a car accident, gunshot wound, or other injury.
• Alcoholism
• Brain abscess or inflammation of membranes covering the brain or spinal cord
• Phenylketonuria (PKU, a disease that is present at birth, often is characterized by seizures, and can result in mental retardation) and other inherited disorders
• Infectious diseases like measles, mumps, and diphtheria
• Lead poisoning, mercury poisoning, carbon monoxide poisoning, or ingestion of some other poisonous substance
• Suddenly discontinuing anti-seizure medication
• Hypoxic or metabolic encephalopathy (brain disease resulting from lack of oxygen or malfunctioning of other physical or chemical processes)
• Acute head injury
• Blood infection caused by inflammation of the brain or the membranes that cover it

Symptoms:

• Chew or smack the lips involuntarily
• Move the hands, arms, and legs in strange, purposeless ways
• Utter meaningless sounds
• Have severe muscle spasms and jerking throughout the body
• Fall down
• Forcefully turn their head to one side
• Clench their teeth
• Bite their tongue (often occurs)
• Drool or froth at the mouth
• Lose bladder control

Treatment:
 Long-term anticonvulsant drug therapy is the most common form of epilepsy treatment.
Medication
A combination of drugs may be needed to control some symptoms, but most patients who have epilepsy take one of the following medications:

• Dilantin (phenytoin)
• Tegretol (carbamazepine)
• Barbita (phenobarbital)
• Mysoline (primidone)
• Depakene (valproic acid, sodium valproate)
• Klonopin (clonazepam)
• Zarontin (ethosuximide).

First aid for seizures:

• A person having a grand mal seizure should be helped to lie down.
• Tight clothing should be loosened. 
• A soft, flat object like a towel or the palm of a hand should be placed under the person's head.
• Forcing a hard object into the mouth of someone having a grand mal seizure could cause injuries or breathing problems. 
• If the person's mouth is open, placing a folded cloth or other soft object between his teeth will protect his tongue. 
• Turning his head to the side will help him breathe. 
• After a grand mal seizure has ended, the person who had the seizure should be told what has happened and reminded of where he is.

Prevention:

All Natural Supplementary 

• Eating properly.
• Getting enough sleep.
• Controlling stress and fevers can help prevent seizures. 
• A person who has epilepsy should be careful not to hyperventilate. 
• A person who experiences an aura should find a safe place to lie down and stay there until the seizure passes. 
• Anticonvulsant medications should not be stopped suddenly and, if other medications are prescribed or discontinued, the doctor treating the seizures should be notified.
• In some conditions, such as severe head injury, brain surgery, or subarachnoid hemorrhage, anticonvulsant medications may be given to the patient to prevent seizures.

Diabetes Definition Cause Symptoms Diagnosis And Treatment

Diabetes:

Definition:

Diabetes is a defect in the body’s ability to convert glucose (sugar) to energy. Glucose is the main source of fuel for our body. When food is digested it is changed into fats, protein, or carbohydrates. Foods that affect blood sugars are called carbohydrates. Carbohydrates, when digested, change to glucose. Examples of some carbohydrates are: bread, rice, pasta, potatoes, corn, fruit, and milk products. Individuals with diabetes should eat carbohydrates but must do so in moderation.Glucose is then transferred to the blood and is used by the cells for energy. In order for glucose to be transferred from the blood into the cells, the hormone - insulin is needed. Insulin is produced by the beta cells in the pancreas (the organ that produces insulin). Diabetes develops when the pancreas fails to produce sufficient quantities of insulin.

Types of diabetes: 

There are two main types of diabetes:

• Type 1 diabetes:

 Its occurs most frequently in children and young adults, although it can occur at any age. Type 1 diabetes accounts for 5-10% of all diabetes in the United States. There does appear to be a genetic component to Type 1 diabetes, but the cause has yet to be identified. 

•  Type 2 diabetes:

 It is much more common and accounts for 90-95% of all diabetes. Type 2 diabetes primarily affects adults, however recently Type 2 has begun developing in children. There is a strong correlation between Type 2 diabetes, physical inactivity and obesity.

Cause of Diabetes:

Nobody knows the exact cause of diabetes yet. There are several reasons  may become diabetic.

•  Genetic predisposition,
•  Obesity can cause insulin resistance,
•  Previous diseases such as Cushings Disease, hyperthyroidism & pancreatitis.
•  Some medications (steroids) may also play a role.

symptoms:

•  Blurred vision
•  Unusual thirst
•  Frequent urination 
•  Slow-healing cuts
•  Unexplained tiredness 
•  Rapid weight loss
•  Erectile dysfunction
•  Numbness or tingling in hands or feet

How is diabetes diagnosed:

The diagnosis of diabetes is made by a simple blood test measuring your blood glucose level. 

Usually these tests are repeated on a subsequent day to confirm the diagnosis. 

A diagnosis of diabetes is a frightening and bewildering experience because there is so much information to take in 

and the diagnosis may come as a shock. 

People with Type 2 diabetes may hear their condition described as “mild,” but Type 2 diabetes is not a “mild” medical condition. 

Both forms and all stages of diabetes are serious, with many possible complications, including eye, heart, kidney, and nerve damag.

 Treatment for diabetes:

As yet, there is no “cure” for either type of diabetes, although there are many ways of keeping diabetes under control. Diabetes treatments are designed to help the body to control the sugar levels in the blood. Studies have shown that good control of blood sugar is the key to avoiding diabetic complications. 

•  Type 1 diabetes requires insulin.  Injected insulin replaces the insulin missing in the body.

•  Type 2 diabetes treatment will vary dependent on blood sugar levels. 
•  Many patients are counseled to change their lifestyle .and lose weight.
•  Treatment begins with changing certain food choices and beginning an exercise program.
•  Diabetes is a progressive disease, and the treatment may change over time, requiring oral medication.  sometimes insulin injections are also required
• Check up with doctor every three months until blood sugar is in control,   reviewed every six months.
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Dietary Treatments for Diabetes:

• Avoid sugar in any form - rice, potato, banana, cereals & fruits containing high percentage of sugar content.
• Include at least one bitter dish in every meal
• Take plenty of green vegetables, black gram, soy, fish etc
• Vegetables such as Bitter Gourd, string beans, cucumber, onion and garlic, fruits such as Indian Gooseberry, Jambul Fruit and Grapes and grains like Bengal gram and black gram should be included in the diet.
• Raw vegetables & herbs play a part in stimulating the pancreas and enhancing insulin production.
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Diabetes Life style

• Avoid sleeping during daytime
• Avoid smoking
• Take adequate eye care
• Do exercise regularly
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Complications of Diabetes:

• Bladder Control Problems for Women
•  Heart Disease and Stroke
•  Neuropathies: The Nerve Damage 
•  Retinopathy (Eye Disease)
• Erectile Dysfunction
• Erection Problems

• Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Glucose)
• Kidney Disease

• Sexual and Urologic Problems
• Stomach Nerve Damage (Gastroparesis)